@article {Unckless2007,
	title = {The impact of nutrient loading from Canada Geese (Branta canadensis) on water quality, a mesocosm approach},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {586},
	number = {1},
	year = {2007},
	month = {apr},
	pages = {393{\textendash}401},
	abstract = {<p>A mesocosm experiment determined the impact of Canada Goose (Branta canadensis) feces on water chemistry. After 30 days of fecal additions (treatments of 1.209, 2.419 g, and 12.090 g every 3 d to 0.811 m3 size mescosms), no significant changes in water column total phosphorus, nitrate, N:P ratios, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, chlorophyll-a, or phycocyanin were observed among treatment groups. Soluble reactive phosphorus showed a marginally significant increase in the high treatment group. A settling experiment suggested that goose feces and associated nutrients settled quickly to the sediment. Since fecal material settles quickly to the sediment, the impact of additional fecal material would not become evident in a lake until a wind event mixes the sediment into the water column or through alteration of the productivity or community structure of the benthos.</p>
},
	keywords = {{canada goose {\'a} branta, canadensis {\'a}, nutrient {\'a} fecal addition, phosphorus {\'a} nitrogen {\'a}},
	isbn = {1075000707128},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	doi = {10.1007/s10750-007-0712-8},
	url = {http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10750-007-0712-8},
	author = {Unckless, Robert L. and Makarewicz, Joseph C.}
}
@article {Wood2012,
	title = {The impact of waterfowl herbivory on plant standing crop: a meta-analysis},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {686},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {157{\textendash}167},
	abstract = {<p>Waterfowl can cause substantial reductions in plant standing crop, which may have ecological and economic consequences. However, what determines the magnitude of these reductions is not well understood. Using data from published studies, we derived the relationship between waterfowl density and reduction in plant standing crop. When waterfowl density was estimated as individuals ha\&minus;1 no significant relationship with reduction in plant standing crop was detected. However, when waterfowl density was estimated as kg ha\&minus;1 a significant, positive, linear relationship with reduction in plant standing crop was found. Whilst many previous studies have considered waterfowl species as homologous, despite large differences in body mass, our results suggest that species body mass is a key determinant of waterfowl impact on plant standing crop. To examine relative impacts of waterfowl groups based on species body mass, a measure of plant biomass reduction (R s) per bird per hectare was calculated for each group. Comparison of R s values indicated some differences in impact between different waterfowl groups, with swans having a greater per capita impact than smaller-bodied waterfowl groups. We present evidence that this difference is linked to disparities in individual body size and associated differences in intake rates, diet composition and energy requirements. Future research priorities are proposed, particularly the need for experiments that quantify the importance of factors that determine the magnitude of waterfowl impacts on plant standing crop.</p>
},
	keywords = {Allometry, Aquatic ecology, Biomass, Density, Diet, Ducks, Geese, herbivory, Limnology Ornitholimnology, Macrophyte, Plant standing crop, Primary consumer, Sheldgeese, Swans, Vegetation, Waterfowl, Wildfowl},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10750-012-1007-2},
	author = {Wood, Kevin A. and Stillman, Richard A. and Clarke, Ralph T. and Daunt, Francis and O{\textquoteright}Hare, Matthew T.}
}
@article {Wood2012a,
	title = {The impact of waterfowl herbivory on plant standing crop: a meta-analysis},
	journal = {Hydrobiologia},
	volume = {686},
	number = {1},
	year = {2012},
	month = {feb},
	pages = {157{\textendash}167},
	keywords = {Allometry, Aquatic ecology, Biomass, Density, Diet, Ducks, Geese, herbivory, Limnology Ornitholimnology, Macrophyte, Plant standing crop, Primary consumer, Sheldgeese, Swans, Vegetation, Waterfowl, Wildfowl},
	issn = {0018-8158},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10750-012-1007-2},
	author = {Wood, Kevin A. and Stillman, Richard A. and Clarke, Ralph T. and Daunt, Francis and O{\textquoteright}Hare, Matthew T.}
}
