02802nas a2200349   4500008004100000022001400041245009300055210006900148300001600217490000700233520178200240653001402022653002302036653002402059653002402083653000802107653001502115100001902130700002102149700001402170700001802184700001602202700002602218700002602244700002302270700002502293700002902318700002102347700002302368700002102391856004002412       2013                        eng d  a1365-294X00aGenetic consequences of breaking migratory traditions in barnacle geese Branta leucopsis0 aGenetic consequences of breaking migratory traditions in barnacl  a5835–58470 v223 a<p>Cultural transmission of migratory traditions enables species to deal with their environment based on experiences from earlier generations. Also, it allows a more adequate and rapid response to rapidly changing environments. When individuals break with their migratory traditions, new population structures can emerge that may affect gene flow. Recently, the migratory traditions of the Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis changed, and new populations differing in migratory distance emerged. Here, we investigate the population genetic structure of the Barnacle Goose to evaluate the consequences of altered migratory traditions. We used a set of 358 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to genotype 418 individuals from breeding populations in Greenland, Spitsbergen, Russia, Sweden and the Netherlands, the latter two being newly emerged populations. We used discriminant analysis of principal components, FST, linkage disequilibrium and a comparison of geneflow models using migrate-n to show that there is significant population structure, but that relatively many pairs of SNPs are in linkage disequilibrium, suggesting recent admixture between these populations. Despite the assumed traditions of migration within populations, we also show that genetic exchange occurs between all populations. The newly established nonmigratory population in the Netherlands is characterized by high emigration into other populations, which suggests more exploratory behaviour, possibly as a result of shortened parental care. These results suggest that migratory traditions in populations are subject to change in geese and that such changes have population genetic consequences. We argue that the emergence of nonmigration probably resulted from developmental plasticity.</p>
10aadmixture10acultural evolution10amigration modelling10apopulation genetics10aSNP10aspeciation1 aJonker, R., M.1 aKraus, R., H. S.1 aZhang, Q.1 avan Hooft, P.1 aLarsson, K.1 avan der Jeugd, H., P.1 aKurvers, R., H. J. M.1 avan Wieren, S., E.1 aLoonen, M., J. J. E.1 aCrooijmans, R., P. M. A.1 aYdenberg, R., C.1 aGroenen, M., A. M.1 aPrins, H., H. T.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12548